The International Astronomy Olympiad (IAO) syllabus is designed to test students' knowledge and understanding of various astronomical concepts, observational techniques, and problem-solving skills. It covers a broad spectrum of topics, including celestial mechanics, planetary science, stellar evolution, and cosmology. Students are expected to have a firm grasp of basic physics and mathematics, which are essential for solving complex problems related to the motion of celestial bodies, gravitational forces, and the properties of stars, galaxies, and the universe as a whole.

In addition to theoretical knowledge, the syllabus emphasizes practical observational astronomy. Students must be familiar with the night sky, constellations, and the operation of telescopes. They may also be tested on their ability to interpret astronomical data, star charts, and photographs. The IAO aims to encourage curiosity and a deeper understanding of the universe, pushing students to apply both scientific knowledge and observational skills to excel in this global competition.